ABSTRACT
Pituitary adenomas(PAs) are the most common types of central nervous system tumors. Although most of them are benign tumors, aggressive PAs are resistant to conventional treatments and thus increase morbidity and mortality. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment and has been applied in treatment of kinds of neoplasms, including aggressive PAs. This review summarizes recent advances of immune checkpoint inhibitors in PAs.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the effect of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on neurogenesis decline in sleep-deprived infancy rats.Methods:Seventy-eight clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, weighing 10-15 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=26 each) using a random number table method: control group (group Con), sleep deprivation group (group SD) and sleep deprivation plus NMN group (group SD+ NMN). Sleep deprivation model was established by gentle stimulation method with a brush (10 h per day) for 14 consecutive days.NMN 500 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group SD+ NMN, while the equal volume of aqua pura was given instead in Con and SD groups.5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 100 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected immediately after the end of sleep deprivation to label the new-born cells.At 24 h after completion of sleep deprivation, the stem cell pluripotency transcription factor (SOX2) and doublecortin (DCX) positive cells in the hippocampal DG region were counted using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical methods, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography was used to observe the metabolism of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the hippocampus.At 4 weeks after completion of sleep deprivation, the number of neuronal nuclei antigen (NeuN)/BrdU and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)/BrdU positive cells in hippocampal DG region was recorded using immunofluorescence, and novel object recognition test was performed to evaluate the cognitive function. Results:Compared with group Con, the number of SOX2 and DCX positive cells was significantly reduced, the standard uptake value of glucose in the hippocampus was decreased, the number of NeuN/BrdU and GFAP/BrdU positive cells was reduced, and discrimination index in novel object recognition test was decreased in group SD ( P<0.05). Compared with group SD, the number of SOX2, DCX NeuN/BrdU and GFAP/BrdU positive cells was increased, the standard uptake value of glucose in the hippocampus was increased, and discrimination index in novel object recognition test was increased in group SD+ NMN ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Nicotinamide mononucleotide can promote neurogenesis, thus improving cognitive function, and the mechanism is related to increasing the metabolism of hippocampal glucose in sleep-deprived infancy rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) scores, ultrasonic elastography (UE) and their combined scores in diagnosing breast lesions of breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) 3-4. Methods From October 2015 to March 2016, 60 BI-RADS 3-4 solid breast masses diagnosed by conventional ultrasound underwent UE and CEUS. According to the relevant indicators, all cases were scored and proved by surgical pathology. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CEUS scores, UE and their combined scores were evaluated, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn. Results Twenty-nine benign and 31 malignant lesions were confirmed by pathology. The area under the ROC curve of CEUS combined with UE scores was 0.971 which was higher than that of CEUS Scores and UE alone (0.916 and 0.908, respectively). Moreover, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 87.1%, 96.6% and 92.0% for CEUS combined with UE Scores, 77.4%, 93.1% and 85.0% for CEUS Scores, 74.2%, 93.1% and 83.3% for UE, respectively. Conclusion CEUS combined with UE scores can improve the differetial diagnostic accuracy for BI-RADS 3-4 breast lesions.